Keywords: "Proleter"; personal names; index;
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More...Keywords: Czechoslovakia; Europe; Jews; Holocaust; Ostrava; Nisko Plan; nazi prison camps; soviet prison camps; NKVD documents; Erich Egger; Karel Egger; deportation;
The 18th of October 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the departure of the very first transport of European Jews in the history of the holocaust – one that left Ostrava for Nisko upon San in the eastern part of the General Government where the Nazis planned to set up an extensive “reservation” for Jews displaced from the conquered territories and the whole of Germany. As part of the Nisko Plan , a total of seven transports with more than five thousand Jews departed from Ostrava, Katowice and Vienna in the latter half of October 1939. Their journey materialised even though, by the time of departure of the first transport, the top Nazi officials had dismissed the entire plan of establishing a Jewish reservation between the Rivers Vistula and Bug. The ensuing destinies of thousands of Jewish deportees varied; however, most of them were to die or suffer in Nazi as well as in Soviet prisons and camps.
More...Keywords: memory;Serbia;post-communism;
The center stage of this chapter is a presentation of the basic elements of the hegemonic ethnocentric culture of memory in Serbia and broader region. In trying to present the process of normalized nationalism, victimization of one’s own nation, and the war of memories the author focuses on three related and closely inter-dependent principles of alternative, critical culture of memory: (1) demonumentalization of the past, (2) functional traumatization of the past, and (3) historical comparison of crimes. The lack of dealing with one’s own nationalism—as opposed to the other’s—is identified as the main problem in the region. Therefore, a distinction must be made between critical and blind patriotism. According to the latter, my nation is always right. It is its imperative to not only hate another nation but also the part of my own that does not hate others. Here, the hegemonic, heroic narratives, and symbolical structures center on the semantics of national sadness rather than on class misery or general human suffering. Every nationalism morphs imperceptibly through blind patriotism into chauvinism and fascism. Therefore, the position that my nation is always the victim should be replaced by the position that we are all victims. It is not the duty of critical history to erase one’s own national past but to critically forget its false glory.
More...Keywords: Totalitarianism;political radicalism
The main pillars of totalitarianism were the monopolistic party, the ideological utopian project, and the leader. Totalitarianism was also based on direct or indirect terror. The secret police was the instrument that maintained the population in a state of universal fear, distrust, and suspicion. Even if the concept has been criticized, sometimes justifiably, for its neglect of societal components and everyday life under ideocratic regimes, it still has an impressive descriptive force. Totalitarian regimes yearned for the establishment of “perfect societies” and engaged in endless campaigns to achieve their goals. In this chapter, I map out the main features of these new forms of political radicalism, looking for both similarities and differences.
More...Keywords: Slovak Secession 1938/39;
Niekedy v priebehu roku 1940 pripravilo ministerstvo zahraničných vecí v Bratislave zoznam „osôb, ktoré sa pri osamostatnení Slovenska mimoriadne vyznamenali“. 2 Na dokumente by nebývalo nič mimoriadne, keby z 36 uvedených funkcionárov prvej, druhej, a tretej garnitúry nacionálno-socialistického režimu nepatrilo až 26 (!) ku kádrom Bezpečnostnej služby (Sicherheitsdienst – SD) a Bezpečnostnej polície (Sicherheitspolizei – Sipo), vedenými mimoriadne ambicióznym Reinhardom Heydrichom. Skutočnosť, že na zozname kandidátov na najvyššie vyznamenania ľudáckej Slovenskej republiky sa ocitlo až toľko príslušníkov bezpečnostných zložiek, len dokumentuje, aká dôležitá úloha im pripadla v procese likvidácie pomníchovského Česko-Slovenska. Do popredia vystupuje najmä činnosť SD, ktorá je predmetom mojej nasledovnej analýzy.
More...Keywords: Erika Steinbach; German resettlements
The activity of the Federation of Expellees and its chairperson Erika Steinbach, including efforts aimed at establishing the Centre Against Expulsions have been and will continue to be a source of controversy in Germany’s domestic policy, as well as in Polish–German and Czech–German relations. Steinbach has become a central figure in German inter-party conflicts and in disputes with the country’s immediate neighbours. In her efforts to gain more publicity for injustice and suffering in the German past she has resorted to controversial methods and has thus latched onto another stage in the historical debate on the consequences of World War II. This time it is related to and interpreted from the point of view of the German victims. The consequences of the present debate on how Germany suffered during the war do matter and will continue to matter both for Germany itself and for Germany’s relations with its near neighbours. Contrary to popular belief, the debate, still underway and in the shape imposed by Erika Steinbach, is likely to bring some benefit to Poland.
More...The German propaganda was often used during the Second World War. Shortlyafter the first soldiers of the Polish II Corps set foot on the Italian soil in December 1943, theNazi Germany prepared a campaign to discourage them from fighting and to persuade themto desert. As part of the “Südstern” — “Star of the South”, carried out in Italy against the Allied forces, a German-controlled radio station “Wanda” was broadcasting in Polish, and propaganda leaflets were massively published and spread, urging the soldiers of the general Władysław Anders to return to their families. The Polish soldiers were encouraged to stop fighting against the Germans which were presented as the wrongly-conceived enemy and proving that the real threat to Poland were the Bolsheviks. The Allies were discredited and accused of treason and fraud. The German propaganda aimed at the soldiers of the Polish II Corps were used until the end of the Italian front.
More...Keywords: 1945; Croatia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Eastern Syrmia; Ministry of Interior Affairs of Democratic Federated Yugoslavia; communist repression; monuments; graves; memoricide;
The duration and intensity of WWII in the territoiy of the Independent State of Croatia, the presence of occupation forces of the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy, armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia, as well as the activities of the Yugoslav monarchists and communist-led partisans, caused direct clashes between the belligerent parties. This led to a number of casualties both among soldiers and civilians. Irreconcilable ideologies and military and political interests of the conflicting parties in the general and civil war increased the number of casualties. The communists reckoning with real or purported enemies alike in Yugoslavia during WWII and especially at its end and right after it, was massive and without mercy. Part of the radical and total reckoning of the Yugoslav communists with their enemies immediately after WWII was the order of the Interior Ministry of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia of May 18, 1945 about removal of graves of "occupiers" and "enemies of the people" that targeted graves, tombstones of German, Italian and Hungarian armies, as well as those of the ustasha, chetniks and Slovenian home guards. The fact that the order was systematically implemented in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia is proven by surviving documents and testimonies of eyewitnesses, as well as by the state of the graveyards themselves. The graves of fallen partisans and victims of "Fascist terror" were protected by law, put in order and well maintained in Yugoslavia after WWII, whereas the graves of "enemy" soldiers and "collaborators" remained outside of the pale of the law. This remained so until the break-up of Yugoslavia.
More...Keywords: women under Romanian communism; abortion in communist Romania; Herta Müller;
In this essay, I focus on Müller’s representation of three female characters who illustrate different positions of women in the communist era. The novel’s first-person narrator, Müller’s alter ego, represents an ethnic German woman from an exclusively Banat-Swabian village. This character questions not only the ethnocentrism of ethnic Germans from Romania, but also exposes their involvement with National Socialism during World War II. In analyzing the characters of Tereza and Lola, I argue that they represent contrasting social types as they reflect newly created classes under communism: nomenklatura members and opportunists. Tereza enjoys the privileges of being the daughter of a high-ranking party official, while Lola, a poor woman from the south, becomes a party member in order to escape a life of poverty. In spite of her rare efforts to rationalize and understand the false premises of her position and the ideology she represents, Tereza does not have the freedom or the strength to switch sides. Lola, on the other hand, is expelled from the party post mortem because she commits suicide. Lola’s story brings the sensitive issue of abortion and the communist anti-abortion laws to the foreground as she herself allegedly induces abortion. By creating these characters and their auto-fictional stories, the author tries to discuss traumatic events such as persecution and a scrutinized existence under the eyes of the Securitate, as well as the far-reaching consequences o f a dictatorial regime.
More...Declaration by the Soviet Government on Disarmament Issues (November 17, 1956) // Increase in pensions in the German Democratic Republic // Law on Increasing Pensions and Social Welfare Assistance (November 16, 1956) // Declaration by the Soviet Union on its relations with the other socialist states // How American imperialism stimulated the counterrevolutionary elements in the socialist countries // The activity of the American broadcaster “Free Europe” // An American revelation about the intervention policy of the USA against Eastern Europe // Nazi conspirators at the lever of power in the Federal Republic (documentary material of the committee for German unity) // 14-point program for reunification // The Saar negotiations France-Germany // Total social product of the districts of the GDR according to economic and industrial branches (1954) // The diary of Anne Frank // On the state of literature in Germany — — — — Erklärung der Sowjetregierung zu Abrüstungsfragen (17. November 1956) // Rentenerhöhung in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik // Gesetz über die Erhöhung der Renten und Sozialfürsorgeunterstützung (16. November 1956) // Erklärung der Sowjetunion über ihre Beziehungen zu den anderen sozialistischen Staaten // Wie der amerikanische Imperialismus die konterrevolutionären Elemente in den sozialistischen Ländern aufputschte // Die Tätigkeit des amerikanischen Senders „Freies Europa“ // Eine amerikanische Enthüllung über die Interventionspolitik der USA gegen Osteuropa // Naziverschwörer am Hebel der Macht in der Bundesrepublik (Dokumentarisches Material des Ausschusses für Deutsche Einheit) // 14-Punkte-Programm zur Wiedervereinigung // Die Saarverhandlungen Frankreich—Deutschland // Gesellschaftliches Gesamtprodukt der Bezirke der DDR nach Wirtschafts- und Industriezweigen (1954) // Das Tagebuch der Anne Frank // Zur Lage der Literatur in Deutschland
More...Keywords: toponomastic;literature;alternative history
The aim of the alternative histories, speculative, literary genre, is to show and describe the different scenarios of historical events. Those events, although possible, does not became truth. This genre persuades the reader for intertextual lecture in relation to history known from the actual world. Changing the toponomastics in created, secondary universe is one of the most interesting methods of alternate the history. Writers builds the alternate toponomastics, e.g. ethnonims, ojkonims, chrematonims, eponims for the purpose of authenticate the changing history scenario. It seems interesting to analyze toponomastics in following scopes: using of historical knowledge for decoding the semantic potential of such historical and toponymy mdifications; alternate the historical discourse via toponymy; cultural background of changed toponomastics; reception issues (sender and recipient competences). The tension between recognisability and strangeness of toponymy is marked by the title, author`s pun ‘AntiPODian places’, utilizing the primal for the alternative history genre hallmark, point of divergence. This term means the crucial moment when the historical events separated from the path known from the actual world. The raised problems are examine with the scientific procedure of epistemology of history, cultural anthropology, literary anthropology and cultural studies. The material under investigation derived from following novels: Vaterland by Robert Harris, Wenn das der Führer wüsste by Otto Basil, The Alteration by Kingsley Amis, Quietus. Powieść z dziejów rzymskich i wenedyjskich by Jacek Inglot and Inne Pieśni and Lód by Jacek Dukaj.
More...Keywords: civil society; Zagreb; Victims of Fascism Square; war crimes processing; Platform 112; Coalition for REKOM;
Nema zemlje ni društva u kojima se ne bi moglo bitno unaprijediti prezentiranje sramnih stranica vlastite povijesti i poboljšati sustav podrške traumatiziranima. Kako bi stvorili prostor za kvalitetniju raspravu o prošlosti, dodatno istraživanje faktografije nasilja i učenje povijesti utemeljeno na činjenicama zagovarat ćete promjene duboko ukorijenjenih praksi selektivnog prikazivanja stradanja. Vašim ćete prijedlozima nastojati motivirati što više sada nezainteresiranih ljudi, u javnosti i vladinim institucijama ili drugim riječima - zagovarati.
More...Keywords: German Democratic Republic; History of GDR; Cold War History; German division;
CONTENTS: INFORMATION The Leipzig Autumn Fair 1960 // Adenauer’s right hand — Hans Globke, author of the Fascist racist decrees // BIOGRAPHIES: Staatssekretär Felix von Eckardt — head of the Bonn Press and Information Office // MARCH OF EVENTS: Indonesian Press for recognition of GDR // Jens Daniel: “The Permanent Wrong” // Former member of the West German CDU: Bonn is on the road to ruin // DOCUMENTS: Declaration of Walter Ulbricht before the Diplomatic Corps on the principles of the GDR foreign policy (September 26, 1960) // Documents of the 12th All-German Workers’ Conference (September 10, 1960 in Leipzig) // Appeal „Defend Peace — Beat Militarism“ // Report of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of SED, Walter Ulbricht // Press declaration by the Government’s delegation of GDR on the governmental negotiations with the Indonesian Republic (August 20, 1960) // Final report on the Leipzig Autumn Fair 1960 // Note of the Government of USSR to the Government of Bonn, regarding the issue of equipment of the Bundeswehr with strategic „Polaris“ rockets (presented on September 3, 1960) // Address of N. S. Khrushchev in the 15*h General Assembly of U. N. in New York (September 23, 1960) // Declaration of the Government of USSR on the SEATO putch against Laos (September 21, 1960) // Source materials // CHRONICLE September 16—30, 1960
More...Keywords: Zagreb during the Second World War; Kingdom of Yugoslavia; NDH; Independent State of Croatia and its creation; Exile of minorities from Zagreb; Zagreb Serbs; Zagreb Jews; Zagreb's ethnic minorities; Organizing the national liberation movement;
Pred vama je vodič po Zagrebu kojim želimo olakšati upoznavanje nekih ključnih mjesta stradanja i otpora u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Sažeti opisi povezuju povijesna istraživanja, odabrane ulomke iz književnih djela, dnevnika i osobnih sjećanja. U trenutku kad polako odlazi generacija koja je preživjela vrijeme najgoreg terora u povijesti grada nastojali smo stvoriti što više prostora za riječi i zapise svjedoka vremena i protagoniste povijesnih događanja. Razvoj ove publikacije podržalo je Veleposlanstvo Sjedinjenih Američkih Država u Republici Hrvatskoj, u sklopu programa "Osporavana povijest: novi pristupi obrazovanju o holokaustu". Documenta se pitanjem prezentacije ključnih događaja 20. Stoljeća bavi od svog osnivanja, tražeći najbolje načine približavanja prošlosti novim generacijama. Neki dosadašnji poduhvati uključuju obilazak mjesta sjećanja, počevši od 2010. i dokumentarnog filma Documenta Memoriae – Zagreb, redateljice Dijane Mlađenović dostupnog online na ovoj poveznici. U sagledavanju mjesta sjećanja i otkrivanju novih mogućnosti komemoriranja žrtava, posebno nas je poticao Saša Šimpraga, autor koncepta Virtualnog muzeja Dotrščina, s kojim od 2012. Sudjelujemo u organiziranju godišnjih memorijalnih intervencija dostupnim na poveznici www.dotrscina.hr. Paralelno s događanjima u prostoru parka, u javnom prostoru Trga bana Jelačića u rujnu 2012. mogao se razgledati prvi postav Virtualnog muzeja Dotrščina na temu Pisci I publicisti ubijeni na Dotrščini čija je autorica bila Nataša Mataušić, muzejska savjetnica Hrvatskog povijesnog muzeja.
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